Vitamin D is a fat-soluble hormone that regulates numerous biological processes through its interaction with vitamin D receptors found in reproductive organs, including the ovaries, endometrium, placenta, and uterus. Deficiency of vitamin D has become increasingly prevalent due to inadequate dietary intake, limited sun exposure, lifestyle factors, and obesity. In women of reproductive age, low vitamin D levels have been associated with menstrual irregularities, reduced fertility, polycystic ovary syndrome, endometriosis, and adverse pregnancy outcomes. During pregnancy, vitamin D contributes to placental implantation, fetal skeletal development, immune regulation, and maternal metabolic adaptation. Therefore, identifying and correcting vitamin D deficiency may play a crucial role in improving reproductive and obstetric health.
The aim of the study was to assess the effects of vitamin D deficiency on reproductive health and pregnancy outcomes in women and to evaluate the significance of early screening and preventive interventions.
The study included 120 women of reproductive age, including pregnant and non-pregnant participants. Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] concentrations were measured using standardized laboratory methods. Clinical assessment included evaluation of menstrual function, fertility history, pregnancy progression, and obstetric outcomes. Pregnant women were monitored throughout gestation for the development of complications such as gestational diabetes mellitus, preeclampsia, preterm birth, and fetal growth restriction. Statistical analysis was performed to investigate associations between vitamin D status and reproductive or pregnancy-related parameters.
The study demonstrated a high prevalence of vitamin D deficiency among women of reproductive age. Women with insufficient vitamin D levels were more likely to experience menstrual disturbances, infertility, and reproductive endocrine disorders. Among pregnant participants, vitamin D deficiency was associated with an increased risk of gestational diabetes, hypertensive disorders of pregnancy, preeclampsia, preterm delivery, and low birth weight infants. Maternal serum vitamin D concentrations showed a positive correlation with neonatal birth weight and gestational age at delivery. Women receiving vitamin D supplementation during pregnancy demonstrated improved maternal biochemical parameters and more favorable pregnancy outcomes compared with untreated individuals.
Vitamin D deficiency has a significant negative impact on reproductive health and pregnancy outcomes in women. Insufficient vitamin D levels are associated with reduced fertility, increased risk of pregnancy complications, and adverse neonatal outcomes. Early screening, adequate nutritional support, and vitamin D supplementation may contribute to improved reproductive function and healthier pregnancies. Incorporating vitamin D assessment into routine reproductive and prenatal healthcare programs may help reduce maternal and neonatal morbidity and improve overall women's health.
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